I 



I 



AN 



INTRODUCTOKY COURSE 



OF 



MODERN 



GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. 



BY 

4 

GEORGE ROLAND, 

Fencing Master and Superintendent of Gymnastics in the Eoyal Academy, — the 
Scottish Naval and Military Academy, — the Edinburgh Academy, — 
the High School, — the Edinburgh Institution, &c., &c., — 
and Author of Works on Fencing and Gymnastics. 



" Dans la jeunesse de Platon, la peintui-e, la musique, les differentes exercices 
du Gymnase remplirent tous ses moments." — 

BartMlemy, Voyage Anacharsis. 



EDINBURGH ; 

o 

PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR, 

BY OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE COUET; AND 
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., LONDON, 



1854, 



PRINTED BY OLIVER & BOYD, 
TWEEDDALE COURT, HIGH STREET, EDINBURGH. 



GYMNASTICS. 



INTEODUCTOEY EEMAEKS. 



In a work like the present, which professes to be 
exclusively practical, any lengthened inquiry into 
the scientific principles of Gymnastics would be out 
of place. It is not probable, however, that any 
objections will be made to a few remarks, explana- 
tory, historical, and recommendatory. 

The meaning of the word Gymnastics, and its 
derivation, may be learned by the curious, if they 
take the trouble to turn up any respectable diction- 
ary. It is at present sufficient for our purpose to 
remark, that, in the wider and more vague sense in 
which it is used in common parlance^ it indicates 
every exercise of the body which tends to invigorate 
and develop its powers. Walking, running, riding, 
fencing, rowing, skating, dancing, — in short, every 
motion is a branch of the practice of Gymnastics. 
Like the " Bourgeois Gentilhomme," who spoke 
prose forty years without knowing it, we find upon 
reflection that we have all our lives been unconsci- 
ously practising Gymnastics. 



4 



GYMNASTICS. 



In a narrower sense, Gymnastics expresses those 
manly and healthful games which have been encour- 
aged by all high-spirited nations, as conducing to 
keep up the physical strength and martial spirit of 
their citizens. In a yet more limited acceptation, 
it has of late years been used to denote that system 
of bodily exercise to explain which is the object of 
the following pages. It may be neither uninterest- 
ing nor useless to trace succinctly the rise and pro- 
gress of systematic Gymnastics. 

Even in the rudest stages of society, such as we 
find among some of the aboriginal tribes of America, 
we find the germs of a gymnastic education. We 
find the parents anxious to nerve their children for 
the labours which in after-life must procure them 
food, — the watchfulness and agility which must 
enable them to bafile their foes. From infancy they 
are trained, by a substitution of heavier and still 
heavier bows, to the practice of archery. Their little 
arms are instructed to stem the most rapid rivers. 
They are habituated to remain long beneath the sur- 
face of the water, and to make their way to its lowest 
depths. Running for a long continuance of time 
over the roughest ways, hurling missiles with their 
hands, wielding clubs or hatchets, are among the 
list of their accomplishments ; and not the least ex- 
traordinary among their exercises are those by 
which they seek to harden themselves against the 
mastery of physical pain, It has been remarked, 



GYMNASTICS. 



that in proportion as this rigid training was sedu- 
lously enforced by the elders of the tribe, its mem- 
bers were found to advance towards the dignity of 
civilized man. The physical, the animal powers were 
developed with a degree of beauty and grandeur that 
reminded the beholder of the ideal creation of an- 
tique sculpture.* The individual, conscious of his 
strength, resources, and firmness, walked with a 
more independent tread and cheerful, fearless dis- 
position. 

The Greeks, at the period to which their oldest 
history goes back, seem to have been but little 
advanced beyond the stage of refinement which we 
have just been contemplating. Following their 
annals from the first obscure glimpses of tradition, 
down to the time when, on the loss of national in- 
dependence, their spirit died within them, we find 
athletic exercises forming a prominent feature of 
the education of the young, and the pastime of 
those of mature years. At first they were equally 
rude and inartificial with those of the Indian tribes 
we have alluded to ; but, in progress of time, areas 
and buildings were allotted for their practice, mas- 
ters appointed, and prizes awarded to the greatest 
proficients, which were contended for in the pre- 
sence of assembled nations with all the solemnity 
and inspiring pomp of a religious celebration. 

* West exclaimed, on seeing the Apollo Belvidere for the first 
time, — " A Mohawk." 



6 



GYMNASTICS. 



The exercises of the Greek athletse, — the hurling 
of the discus, — the running, wrestling, and melange 
of boxing and wrestling, — the equitation and char- 
iot-driving, — are known to every classical scholar. 
At first they were instituted with a view to harden- 
ing and strengthening the frames of the citizens, 
that they might the better be able to fight the 
battles of their country. By degrees, however, the 
natural vanity of being able to do any one thing 
better than one's neighbours, fostered to a preter- 
natural strength by the preposterous adulation 
bestowed upon the victors of the games, introduced 
a habit of cultivating one power alone, instead of 
seeking to develop the whole bodily capabilities. 
A good wrestler, a carrier of immense weights, and 
the like, became articles of luxury. They were 
kept and fed like fighting-cocks, and for purposes 
of equal dignity and importance. The real soldier 
learned at last to despise the bully of the ring, and 
Gymnastics gradually lost repute, and at last be- 
came antiquated. The reader will find the history of 
their decline in Aristophanes : their death-warrant 
was the caustic remark of the Theban general. 

Rome was from the first a hu^ camp. Her 
youth were trained to hardihood and exertion, but 
it was chiefly in active service, and as members of 
a great body. To act in unison, mutually \o sup- 
port each other, — to give impetus to the charge 
and preserve order in retreat, — discipline, in short, 



GYMNASTICS. 



7 



was the object of their study. Their exercises were 
intended to train the great mass, not the individual. 
When in process of time the military became a dis- 
tinct profession, — when the army was formed of 
Praetorians and the drafted legionaries from con- 
quered countries, — Rome was found to have no 
efficient academy for training her citizens to active 
exercises. Her sons, instead of breasting the Tiber 
in armour, and riding or hurling the javelin in the 
Campus Martins, snatched a furtive and cowardly 
joy in witnessing the massacre of slaves by each 
other or wild beasts. 

Respecting the gymnastic exercises of the Teu- 
tonic nations, who overthrew the Roman empire, 
no satisfactory intelligence has been transmitted to 
us. Some of the later historians of Rome speak 
with consternation of the manner in which the 
Germans, by the aid of their long frameoe^ bounded 
over the pikes of their adversaries' foremost ranks, 
or sprung upon their battlements. Tacitus alludes 
to games in which the German youth, stripped 
naked, showed their fearlessness, quickness of eye, 
and litheness of limb, by springing about among 
spears and naked swords. These warlike exploits, 
and this scarce peaceful preparation, indicate long 
and effective athletic training. 

During the dark ages, the peculiar mode of car- 
rying on war which gained the ascendency rendered 
it of the utmost importance that the knights and 



8 



GYMNASTICS. 



men-at-arms should be subjected to a severe phy- 
sical education. They were taught to bear during 
the heat of the day great loads of armour, — to 
<^arry huge burdens,- — to run for a length of time, 
— to climb tall ladders by the aid of their arms 
alone, — to swim, — to ride the great horse, — to push 
with the spear against a target so arranged that he 
who missed or struck foul received a blow from a 
pole attached to it, at first on foot, afterwards 
mounted. 

When the organization of armies became reduced 
to a set of systematic rules, — when the art of war 
became a series of arithmetical calculations, — and, 
finally, when the invention of powder had lessened 
the superiority of bodily strength, — athletic exer- 
cises were less insisted upon. The separation of 
the military as a distinct class, the increasing seden- 
tary and literary habits of civilians during the last 
century, increased the evil. Physical education 
became neglected almost in the same proportion 
that every other branch was more widely difiiised 
and zealously cultivated. It may be thought that 
it is stretching a favourite theory too far ; but the 
writer of these pages does not hesitate to a^ttribute 
much of the degrading mixture of sceptical habits 
with an almost insane superstitious belief in natural 
magic, which showed itself in such revolting fea- 
tures about the close of the eighteenth century, to 
the irritable nervous system, and consequent pre- 



GYMNASTICS. 



9 



disposition to mental disorders, engendered by in- 
dolent and luxurious habits. It was a strange time, 
when philosophers were busy demonstrating that 
we had no souls, and the whole world agreed in 
letting the body degenerate as much as possible, 
through neglect of cultivating its capabilities, 

Rousseau was the first to raise his voice against 
this degeneracy ; but the plague-spot had too thor- 
oughly tainted his own constitution to admit of his 
exemplifying the doctrines he taught. The world 
in general laughed at the contradiction between his 
practice and precepts, without reflecting that a lam^ 
man may point out the way he cannot tread him- 
self. A few enthusiasts, however, caught the flame ; 
and although some of their experiments were ludi- 
crous enough, more rational regard to the preser- 
vation of a firm habit of body began to be paid. In 
all countries the manly amusements of an earlier 
age had preserved a traditionary existence among 
the peasantry. In some the pleasures of the chase 
had extended habits of hardihood and exertion even 
to the higher classes. Athletic exercises became 
fashionable once more. Our retrospect has led us on 
to the period at which the system of gymnastic ex- 
ercises explained in this work was invented ; and to 
their brief history we now invite th e reader's attention . 

Every one has heard of the widely ramified con- 
federacy which difl'used the spirit of disaffection to 



10 



GYMNASTICS. 



the French dominion through Germany, and pre- 
pared its inhabitants to co-operate in shaking off 
the yoke. Its leaders knew from the first that their 
object could only be effected by an appeal to the 
sword, and one of the first objects of their attention 
was to prepare as many soldiers as possible for the 
approaching struggle. While Von Stein, by his 
admirable arrangements, was communicating to 
almost every individual in the Prussian territories, 
who was capable of bearing arms, a notion of disci- 
pline and its importance, Jahn and his followers 
were establishing gymnastic areas {Turn-pldtze) 
through the whole of Germany. Young men of 
different ages were encouraged and incited to attend 
them. They were accustomed to take pleasure in 
their exercises, — a spirit of emulation was sedu- 
lously cherished, — joke and merriment, the over- 
flowing spirits of robust and healthy youths, rung 
across each area, — songs were composed to be sung 
by the friendly antagonists in chorus, as they re- 
paired to the Turn-platz or returned from it, or 
when they crowded in the evening around their 
stoves. Nothing, in short, was omitted that could 
give popularity to these institutions. 

The object, however, of the Directors was not 
merely to improve the physical education of the 
€Ountij^, but prepare a large band of able-bodied 
young men to take part in a contest that might 
daily be looked for. A system of exercises that 



GYMNASTICS. 



11 



should develop the muscular powers speedily, as 
well as effectually, was a desideratum. With this 
view, a series of exercises with poles, bars, and 
ropes, similar in all essential particulars to those 
about to be explained, was devised and introduced 
into all the Turn-jpldtze^ in addition to the usual 
routine of running, wrestling, and leaping with or 
without poles. 

For some time after the defeat of Napoleon, these 
exercises continued to be patronized by the govern- 
ments of Germany, and taught at all the public 
schools. It so happened, however, that the spirit 
which had been evoked to assert the rights of the 
old hereditary sovereigns, in opposition to Napo- 
leon's new dynasty, was, like the demons of a ma- 
gician, more ready to obey the spell- word which 
summoned it, than to depart when its task w^as ac- 
complished. Among the loudest of the disappointed 
constitutionalists were some of the chief patrons of 
physical education. By some new and rather un- 
intelligible logical process, the German rulers de- 
monstrated to their own satisfaction that gymnastic 
exercises necessarily engendered democratical prin- 
ciples : and in consequence all the public institu- 
tions for their promotion were at once suppressed. 
A few private ones are still winked at, and the mi- 
litary in some of the states receive regular lessons ; 
but the day of Gymnastics is over in Germany. 

It is no new thing, however, to find a prophet, 



12 



GYMNASTICS. 



who has no honour in his own country, received 
with the most flattering empressement in another. 
" Those exercises, which in Germany have been sub- 
jected to the ban and anathema of the law, de- 
nounced as impious and sacrilegious, and driven 
back by the united influence of bell, book, and 
candle, have been enthusiastically patronized in 
France and Switzerland, and are even forcing their 
way into England. 

Nothing earthly is privileged from abuse ; and 
quackery, which is ever ready with its imposing 
systems, was soon extended to Gymnastics. In the 
French Modern Encyclopasdia we find it divided 
into : 

1st, Gymnastique civile et industrielle ; 

2d, Gymnastique militaire, terrestre et maritime ; 

3d, Gymnastique medicale ; 

4th, Gymnastique scenique ou funambulique ; 
and each of these divisions subdivided four or five 
times, as, for example, the 3d is arranged in four 
parts : — Gymnastique hygienique ou prophylactique, 
pour conserver une sante robuste ; Gymnastique 
therapeutique, pour le traitement des maladies ; 
Gymnastique analeptique, ou des convalescens ; 
Gymnastique orthop^dique. Celle-ci a pour but la 
guerison des deformites, &c. &c. 

No such pretensions are here held out. By Gym- 
nastics are meant merely those preparatory exercises 
performed with the aid of poles, bars^ and triangles. 



GYMNASTICS. 



15 



We have nothing to do with their moral and intel- 
lectual uses. But their importance, in another point 
of view, admits of demonstration. They are one 
with another calculated, if persevered in, to develop 
every muscle of the trunk, the legs, and the arms, 
to its utmost extent. They give the student the 
most perfect command over his whole body. They 
are thus the best preparatives for the elegant and 
manly accomplishments of fencing with the small 
or broad sword, and other active exercises. They 
afford, in like manner, an excellent school for ama- 
teurs of running, leaping, wrestling, and sparring. 
The advantages to be derived from such exercises 
are not confined to the soldier and sailor, — their 
use is felt w^hen we pursue the sports of the field. 
But their importance can only be known when we 
are called upon by emergencies of unexpected dan- 
ger — by fire, shipwrecks, the falling of bridges or 
buildings — to show the superiority resulting from 
the unshaken presence of mind and versatility of 
resources conferred by consciousness of physical 
strength and nerve. Rousseau says the body must 
possess vigour to be obedient to the mind ; a good 
servant must be robust. 

In conclusion, therefore, I would recommend the 
careful practice of Gymnastics to all who feel the 
importance of health and strength, and agree with 
Plato, that he is a cripple who, cultivating his mind 



• 14 GYMNASTICS. 

alone, suffers his body to languish through sloth 
and inactivity. 

" The reason of a Sage may be coupled with the 
vigour of an Athlete." 



ELEMENTARY EXERCISES, 



Before commencing the more violent exercises^ the 
pupils should be prepared by a course of compara- 
tively gentle exertion, tending to strengthen the 
legs, loins, and upper parts of the body, under the 
direction of a master, who will increase the diffi- 
culty of the lessons in proportion to the powers of 
the class. Captain Clias and other gymnasts recom- 
mend long elementary practice in various modes of 
walking^ running^ and jumping^ for the lower ex- 
tremities \ and for the preparation of the upper 
extremities, various lessons are given for raising, 
circling, bracing, and extending the arms. 

The first eight exercises, however, shown in the 
following plates, will readily be understood, I hope, 
and will, if practised distinctly and carefully, form 
a sufficient preparation for the pupil before he 
enters upon the more complicated business of the 
Gymnasium. 

After each of these simple exercises, there should 



16' 



GYMNASTICS. 



be a pause of a minute or two, which will be 
regulated by the strength of the pupil. 

Where the pupils are of ordinary strength and 
activity, I should recommend some of these pre- 
paratory evolutions being practised with a small 
dumb-bell in each hand ; and, after a few lessons of 
introductory movements, they may safely proceed 
to the use of the Indian clubs. The simplicity of 
this exercise, and the power possessed by the pupil 
of making it more or less severe, by increasing or 
diminishing the size of the instrument with which 
it is practised, induce me to recommend it first in 
the order of the gymnastic games. By going 
through the various positions with the clubs for a 
short time, the arms and the upper parts of the body 
become sufficiently suppled and strengthened to 
enable the pupil to commence with safety the more 
athletic games, of which we shall treat hereafter. 
The clubs vary in weight from two to twelve pounds, 
of course in proportion to the power of the gymnast. 
The Indians, who constantly use these instruments 
for exercise, have them sometimes double the weight 
of the heaviest introduced into our gymnasiums. 

They admit of a considerable variety of useful and 
amusing lessons, but I shall confine myself to the 
regulation-exercises now adopted by the whole 
English army. 

" The recruit, being placed in the position of 



GYMNASTICS. 



17 



" attention, with a club in each hand pointing down- 
" wards, must be exercised as follows : — 

FIRST PART. 

^'1. At the word one^ the club in the right hand 
^' is slowly carried round the head, until the hand 
" arrives in a perpendicular line above the shoulder, 
" \\dth the large end of the club pointing in a diag- 
" onal direction to the rear. — 2. The club in the left 
" hand is raised in a similar manner, and carried over 
" that in the righthand, till it reaches a corresponding 
" position. — 3. The hands are carried slowly to the 
" right and left, until they become in a true hori- 
^' zontal line with the shoulders, the large end of the 
" clubs still remaining to the rear. — 4. The hands 

are brought slowly to the first position. Care must 
" be taken that the recruit does not stand with a hol- 
" low back'during this and the succeeding practice. 

SECOND PART. 

^^1. Raise both hands to the front, approaching 
" them close together, in horizontal line with the 
" shoulders, the clubs being held perpendicular, with 
" the large ends upwards. — 2. With the body well 

poised forward, separate the hands, and carry them 
" to the right and left in line with the shoulders, the 

large end of the clubs still remaining upwards. — 
" 3. With the head well kept up, let the clubs turn 

B 



18 



GYMNASTICS. 



over till they point in a diagonal direction to the 
" rear, the hands still remaining out in line with the 
" shoulders.— 4. With the arms extended, drop them 
" slowly to the first position. 

THIRD PART. 

"1. The club in the right hand is circled round 
" upon the right of the body for a few revolutions 
" of the circle, or until the word halt is given. — 2. 
^' The one in left hand is used in the same manner 
" on the left of the body, until the word halt is 
given, when the recruit will remain perfectly 
steady in the first position. — 3. With the body 
" rather leaning forward, circle both clubs at the 
" same time, on the right and left of the body, 
until ordered to halt. — H. Torrens^ A, G."" 

Some system of moderate and graceful exercise, 
which might be practised by young ladies in classes, 
has long been wanted. The clubs, susceptible of a 
great variety of interesting movements, all tending 
to increase the power of the arms and upper parts 
of the body, would go far towards removing mal- 
formations of the spine, and preventing consump- 
tion, and other pulmonary diseases, to which young 
ladies are frequently exposed from their confined 
and sedentary mode of education. 



GYMNASTICS. 



19 



HORIZONTAL POLE. 

The pupils, being prepared by these comparatively 
mild but active exertions of the body, may safely 
begin the lessons on the pole. 

Plate 9. — The simplest exercise for developing the 
strength of the hands and arms is that which makes 
them support the weight of the body in the air. 

Colonel Amoros calls this exercise " fermete;" and 
in the Normal School for Gymnastics, under his 
superintendence, the length of time each pupil re- 
mains suspended in this position is registered. The 
greatest fermet^" recorded by him is of a soldier 
of the name of Carbonier, who continued in this 
fatiguing position forty-two minutes ; others are 
mentioned as having remained thirty-five minutes. 

No 10. — When the hands and arms are sufficiently 
strengthened by this simple exercise, which may be 
varied by balancing the body backwards and for- 
wards until you are able to support with ease your 
own weight, then, by bracing the muscles of the 
arms, draw yourself up till you cross the pole with 
your chest, as in plate 10. 



20 



GYMNASTICS. 



No 11 is arrived at by a still further exertion of 
the muscles of the upper part of the body. 

No 12 is easily understood to follow in the re- 
gular succession ; but the young gymnast must not 
be disheartened if he find considerable difficulty in 
accomplishing this movement, as well as the pre- 
ceding one ; for, although they are both extremely 
simple in their appearance, they are movements 
which require considerable strength and practice. 

No 13. — This is another position of fermete, of 
which the plate itself is sufficient explanation, 
and from it a great variety of exercises are com- 
menced ; but, from the limited nature of the pre- 
sent work, I am enabled to follow through only one 
series of movements. 

No 14 is acquired by bracing the muscles of your 
arms, and drawing the body up as though you 
wished to touch the pole with your shoulder, from 
figure 13 ; and, while thus drawn up by a consi- 
derable effort, contract the muscles of the loins suf- 
ficiently to enable you to raise your left leg over the 
pole. 



No 15. — From No 14, liberate the right hand 
from the pole, and bring it round to the same side, ' 



GYMNASTICS. 



21 



and in front of the left ; then force the body up as 
in plate 15. 

No 16. — Holding the pole sufficiently lightly to 
allow your hands to turn on it, from figure 15, 
balance with the right leg, and swing the body 
round into the position of No 16. 

No 17 is arrived at by merely shifting the left 
hand on the pole from the outside to inside of the 
left thigh, and then dismounting, as from a horse, 
with the left leg. 

No 18 represents the figure in motion round the 
pole from No 11 to No 9. 

Nos 19 and 20 require no explanation, beyond 
what has already been given, to enable the pupil 
to arrive at the position of the 16th figure. 

It may, however, be necessary to enforce the im- 
portance of all these movements being slowly exe- 
cuted, and each separate position being dwelt in as 
long as the young gymnast is able. 

No 21. — After placing yourself again in the po- 
sition of No 19, brace the muscles of the arms, then 
of the lower extremities, and extend your legs in 
front, throwing the whole weight of the upper part 
of the body upon the hands. 



22 



GYMNASTICS. 



No 22. — With the hands and arms remaining as 
they were placed in the preceding figure, throw the 
body still more forward, so that it may rest upon 
your elbows ; then, with all the muscles of the body 
well braced, force the legs slowly out to the rear, 
until you arrive at the position given in No 22. 

These exercises are excellent for the loins, back, 
and arms, and may be frequently practised with 
considerable advantage to the pupil, who had bet- 
ter, perhaps, begin them on the lower bars, where 
he will have more confidence from the height than 
if he at once attempted them on the liorizontal pole, 

Nos 23 and 24 are movements commencing also 
from No 1 3, and progressing along the pole, alter- 
nately with the right and left hand. 

When the pupil is strong enough, this exercise 
should be taken with the shoulder drawn up to 
within a few inches of the pole. 

This particular exercise, so important to firemen, 
appears to have been carried to its highest perfection 
by them. In the gymnasium " des Sapeurs-pompiers" 
in Paris, they have poles forming a complete circle 
of the yard, round which a man of the name of 
Blondeau went twice without resting, a distance of 
784 feet. This exercise is called " la perseverance 

The exercises upon this simple apparatus admit 
of great variety; and although I have given ex- 
aniples of some of the most useful and amusing, yet 



GYMNASTICS. 



23 



much is left to the ingenuity of the gymnast him- 
self 

PARALLEL BARS. 

The exact length, strength, and height of the 
bars must depend much upon the age and powers 
of the pupils ; but they should always be made cir- 
cular, and vary from six to eight feet in length, 
and from three to four inches in diameter. They 
are fixed at about two feet apart, and at a distance 
of from three to four feet from the ground. The 
lessons are susceptible of great variety and interest, 
which may be increased by fixing the bars occasion- 
ally at six or seven feet from the ground. Sixteen 
movements on this apparatus are given by Captain 
Clias in his Elementary Course of Gymnastics, and 
thirty-eight by Colonel Amoros ; but, in pursuance 
of the plan laid down for this small Manual, I shall 
only give examples of five or six positions of this 
part of our subject. 

No 25 will be easily understood : it consists in 
merely resting the weight of the body upon the 
hands while between the bars, in which position 
you acquire power by balancing yourself until you 
are able with ease to raise the feet to the height of 
the bars, both behind and in front. An excellent 
elementary practice from this position is, with the 



24 



GYMNASTICS. 



feet kept closely together, placing the legs on the 
right and left bars alternately, both in front and 
behind, the impetus being obtained by balancing the 
body. Walking backwards and forwards upon the 
hands, along the bars, is also a good preparatory 
exercise, tending to strengthen the wrists, and in 
fact the whole of the upper part of the body. When 
the pupil is strong enough, this is done by springs 
moving both hands at the same time. 

No 26. — This practice, which is merely sinking 
and rising between your arms, should be continued 
till you are able to sink low enough to rest the 
elbows on the bars, and rise again from that position. 

No 27. — This position is arrived at after balanc- 
ing the body backwards and forwards while resting 
on your hands between the parallel bars ; and the' 
exercise is varied by removing the legs from the 
one bar to the other, both in front and behind your 
hands, which remain stationary during the exer- 
cise. 

Nos 28, 29, and 30 are positions on the parallel 
bars and top pole, combined upon which a great 
number of excellent and amusing exercises can be 
made to follow each other in progressive order. 
The series I usually commence with is jumping across 
the bars with the left hand down and the right 
holding the top pole, as in 28, returning with the 



GYMNASTICS. 



25 



right hand dowu, as in 30; and then springing 
across the bars, holding the upper pole only, as in 29. 

Walking along between the parallel bars with the 
body supported upon the hands, moving one hand 
at the time, or by springing both at the same time, 
sinking and rising oif the elbows, and a great 
variety of exercises which the apparatus suggests 
to the pupil, may be tried with advantage and 
amusement. 

ROPES. 

They are used sometimes plain ; sometimes with 
large knots in them ; and sometimes with a bar 
across them. The ropes are placed vertically, ho- 
rizontally, and at various inclinations, to give 
variety to the exercises, which is increased by 
loosening and tightening them."* 

Nos 31 and 32. — The rope, which is smooth, is 
here suspended perpendicularly from the point of 
support, and the end of it is not fastened. 

N'os 33 and 34 are positions on the bar-rope, 
which is an apparatus combining some of the ad- 

* Colonel Amoros divides the subject thus : — Le premier traitera 
des cordes nouses ; le second, des cordes lisses, verticales, simples et 
doubles ; le troisieme, des cordes lisses, horizontales ou en plan incline ; 
le quatrieme, des cordes lisses, doubles, horizontales ou en plan incline." 



26 



GYMNASTICS. 



vantages of the ladder and rope. Double ropes, 
placed parallel to each other, either upon the in- 
clined plane or perpendicular, give considerable 
variety to these amusements. 

THE TRIANGLE AND TRAPEZE 

Are perhaps two of the most amusing instru- 
ments in our modern gymnasiums, and give, from 
the lightness of their construction, and their being 
constantly in motion, an appearance of grace and 
ease to all the evolutions executed upon them. 

Whether we are indebted to Captain Clias for 
the invention of the triangle^ or, as appears more 
probable, to the mountebanks of Italy, who used it 
to amuse the public long before our gymnast had 
started on his career of fame, and whether the 
trapeze owes its origin to Colonel Amoros, is equally 
unimportant to the present subject, and I must 
leave the decision of it to these gentlemen them- 
selves. 

The triangle always preserves the same form, 
whereas the trapeze, or trapezium, admits of 
variety, by changing the inclination of the side 
ropes which support the seat, always preserving the 
form of a quadrilateral figure, whose four sides are 
unequal. 

These apparatus should be strongly suspended, 



GYMNASTICS. 



27 



so that the bar or seat be about five feet from the 
ground. 

Nos 35 and 36 are two simple exercises on the 
trapeze^ which follow each other in natural succes- 
sion ; the latter movement in fact being merely a 
turn of the body^ by which you seat yourself on 
the bar. 

No 37 explains itself. 

No 38 is arrived at by bracing the muscles of 
the upper part of the body, and forcing yourself 
round from No 37. 

THE WOODEN HORSE. 

The wooden horse^ although extremely interesting 
from the number of exercises practised upon it in 
vaulting^ leaping^ and in feats of actual strength, 
appears as yet but little known in the small gym- 
nasiums established in this country. It is neces- 
sary that a regular succession of sizes of these 
quadrupeds be established, to suit the height and 
progress of the different classes. 

No 39. — This position, which will be easily un- 



28 



GYMNASTICS. 



derstood, should be taken by leaping over the 
horse's croup into the seat of the saddle. 

JSfo 40. — Rest the weight of the body upon the 
arms, and by a spring force the legs up into the 
air, where you will cross them, so that when you 
descend into your seat again it will be with the front 
changed, — that is, with your face towards the croup. 

N'o 41 is the position in which you come down 
into your seat from Mo 40. 

The vaulting, tumbling, and leaping exercises, 
are very numerous upon the wooden quadrupeds ; 
but, even if my space were not so much restricted, 
I should not enter more into detail with them, as 
every young person who has seen what is called 
" still-vaulting" at Ducrow's, or any other amphi- 
theatre, knows nearly all that this apparatus is 
susceptible of, and will be able to go on increasing 
the difficulty of his practices, without the assistance 
of a treatise on the subject. 



THE LADDER. 

The wooden ladder is usually fixed firmly between 
two walls, with the lower end of it just high enough 
for the pupils to reach it with both hands, at the 



GYMNASTICS. 



29 



same time the height increasing by a moderate 
ascent. It is also sometimes placed nearly perpen- 
dicularly with one end resting on the ground ; but 
the exercises admit of more variety when it is fixed 
as first recommended. 

The distance between the bars upon the perpen- 
dicular ladder is usually from eight to twelve inches ; 
but when its position is inclined, I should prefer the 
spaces being always wide enough to allow the pupil 
to pass easily through them. 

It is essential that the sides and bars be carefully 
and smoothly rounded. 

The simplest exercises are ascending and de- 
scending with one hand placed on each side of the 
ladder, and the body below it, with the face turned 
towards the upper end of the apparatus. This 
exercise is equally easy ascending backwards. Go- 
ing up with both hands on the one side, and, when 
•at the upper part, crossing and coming down in 
the same way, is an excellent exercise for the upper 
parts of the body. 

No 42 shows the body in motion whilst ascend- 
ing from bar to bar upon the inclined ladder ; but 
in this plate the inclination is less than I should 
recommend for ordinary practice. 

" Boucicaut, or Jean de Meingre, marechal de 
France, who commanded the vanguard of the French 
army at Azincourt in 1415, and was there made 
prisoner, and died in England in 1421, used to go 



30 



GYMNASTICS. 



up on the lower side of a ladder, leaning against a 
wall, without touching it with his feet, but only by 
jumping with both his hands together from one bar 
to the other, and that he would do armed with a 
steel coat ; and, having taken off the armour, with 
one hand alone he could ascend several bars ; and 
these things are true, and by many other hard ex- 
ercises of such sort, he so hardened his body that 
his equal was hardly to be found." * 

The rojpe-ladder is susceptible of still more change 
of position, and the bars are usually placed closer to- 
gether, as few movements beyond the different 



* " Boucicaut at one time used to accustom himself to leap in full 
armour on tlie back of a horse, and often he would walk or run long 
distances to give him long breath, and enable him to bear much 
fatigue. He also used to strike for a long time with an axe or heavy 
hammer to harden his arms and hands, and to accustom himself to 
raise his arms readily. 

" By following such exercises, he strengthened his body so greatly 
that in his time there was no gentleman to compare with him. 

" He could throw a somerset completely armed except his basnet, 
and would dance when armed with a steel coat. In full armour, and 
without putting a foot in the stirrup, he would jump on the back of a 
war-horse. He would also jump from the ground astride on the 
shoulders of a big man or a tall horse, without other help than a hold 
of the sleeve of a man's jerkin. Holding with one hand by the 
pommel of a saddle, placed on a high horse, and with the other grasp- 
ing the mane a little below the ears, he would from the ground jump 
through his arms to the other side of the horse ; and he would ascend 
between two side walls of plaster, at the distance of a fathom from 
each other, and by the force alone of his arms and legs, without other 
aid, without falling either going up or coming down." — Extracted 
from his Life, povr s^ervir a V Histoire de France. 



GYMNASTICS. 31 

modes of ascending and descending are practised 
upon them. 

No 43 is a simple metliod of going up the loose 
perpendicular rope-ladder. 

Not being able to follow through any regular 
series of lessons upon this really most amusing 
apparatus, I have thought it preferable giving four 
figures, as unconnected in their operations as pos- 
sible, to show the infinite variety of exercises to be 
attained on a common ladder, by changing its 
position and somewhat altering its form. 

Nos 44 and 45 are unconnected figures, intended 
to direct the pupil's attention to the various ways 
in which this simple apparatus is used. 

THE MASTS OR POLES. 

The exercises on the poles are varied by their 
being placed in difi'erent positions, either upright 
or vertically; and by the introduction of rope- 
ladders, and also plain and knotted ropes, &c., the 
games are rendered complicated and highly amusing. 

Nos 46 and 47. — There is little difibrence be- 
tween these two positions, which are intended to 



32 



GYMNASTICS. 



show the pupil the simplest mode of ascending the 
vertical and perpendicular poles. 

N'o 48 is ascending without making use of the 
legs, and with the side turned towards the pole. 

JSTo 49 is commenced from the preceding position, 
but it is an extremely difficult exercise, and only 
to be acquired after considerable practice and ex- 
perience in the gymnasium. 

JSTos 50, 51, 52, and 53 are the simplest and 
easiest modes of ascending a plain loose rope. 

In pursuance of my somewhat sketchy plan, I 
now proceed to 

THE INCLINED PLANE, 

Which is ordinarily an unpolished board of pine, 
varying from twenty-five to thirty feet in length, 
and two feet broad, admits of some highly useful 
exercises, and has been recommended by medical 
men as tending to strengthen the hands, the arms, 
the chest, the abdomen, the legs, and feet. 

The inclined pole also admits of some excellent 
exercises. 



GYMNASTICS. 



33 



THE FLYING COURSE, OR GIANT STEPS, 

Is amusing for young people ; but as it affords no 
advantages that are not fully attained by the prac- 
tices already recommended, I shall enter into no de- 
tails of it, particularly as it is both bulky and ex- 
pensive. 

THE DYNAMOMETER, 

For measuring the weight of blows, for ascertain- 
ing the comparative powers of different pupils in 
various ways, such as lifting, &c., is essential in a 
gymnasium. It occupies little room, and is very 
useful in marking the increase of power in the dif- 
ferent pupils. This is done by a book kept for the 
purpose, in which each pupil's power is registered 
when he joins the class, so that the increase of his 
strength may at any time be proved. 

From the extensive range of exercises coming un- 
der the head of Gymnastics, it will easily be seen 
that a complete gymnasium is not to be found ; it 
is therefore an object of importance to select only 
those instruments which are sufficient for the most 
robust and accomplished gymnasts, and afford 
amusing exercises for the weakest constitutions, 
leaving unnoticed those of an expensive and bulky 
character in this description of a small unostenta- 
tious apparatus. 



34 



GYMNASTICS. 



Colonel Amoros, in his Reflections upon the Es- 
tablishment of Military Gymnasiums, considers it 
as a " sine qua non" that every gymnasium should 
consist of, 

"1. Une poutre placee par terre sur des tasseaux. 
2. Mat de voltige. — 3. Cheval de voltige. 

4. Echelle a sauter en profondeur. 

5. Portique simple ou double. — 6. Trapeze. 

7. Echelle de bois. — 8. Petits mats et les autres 
instrumens qui s'y rattachent. 

9. Mats verticaux de 25 pieds. — 10. Echelle de 
corde. 

11. Echelle a console. — 12. Corde nouee et corde 
lisse de la longueur de mats. 

13. Barres paralleles. — 14. Sautoir fixe. 

15. Perches a suspension. — 16. Fosse a sauter en 
largeur. — 17. Planche. — 18. Vieux mur. 

19. Cercle de pierres et de piquets. 

20. Stade pour les courses. — 21. Dynamometre. 
22. Boulets.— 23. Batons a lutter. 

24. Sautoirs portatifs." 

Our complicated modern European gymnasiums 
form a striking contrast with the Arabian " Houses 
of Strength," of which the following is a descrip- 
tion : — 

The Persians have houses which they call Sur- 
ch6ne (the House of Strength), into which any one 
may go to make exhibition of his strength. The 



GYMNASTICS. 



35 



first exercise which was used consisted in placing 
the hands and the feet on the ground, and stretch- 
ing them as far as possible from each other, with- 
out touching the ground with the stomach. Whilst 
in this position a circle was described with the head, 
and, after every second circle was completed, the 
diameter also. Some did this at least eighty times. 

" Then some took in each hand a large piece of 
wood rounded, and moved them in different ways 
on their shoulders, forwards and backwards. Some 
pushed with their feet against a board placed ob- 
liquely against a wall, and some walked about on 
their hands on the floor. Many began to spring 
about, sometimes on one foot, sometimes on both, 
and this as strongly as possible, in order to exercise 
the body more. Some laid themselves on their 
backs, with cushions under their heads and arms, 
and in that posture raised in each hand a very 
heavy piece of wood, according to a certain tune 
that was played to them. Few performed this, as 
it requires uncommon strength. The teacher then 
placed them all in a row, and then made them go 
through a great variety of different motions, which, 
however, I am unable to describe. After this 
they began to wrestle in pairs, and when one was 
thrown flat on the ground, he reverentially kissed 
his conqueror's hand. No blows were given, how- 
ever, as the English do when they box." — Niehuhrs 
Reiseheschreihung nach Arahien^ (^x. 



BRITISH GYMNASTIC GAMES. 



It would be making an invidious distinction, were 
we, in a work like the present, to allow our own 
excellent National Games to remain unnoticed, — 
national 1 presume to call them, although in most 
cases their origin is as ancient and classical as those 
already discussed ; but their adoption and continued 
improvement are peculiarly British. They merit 
notice, not merely as they are national, but as they 
mostly combine strength, perseverance, and cour- 
age, in an eminent degree. The importance at- 
tached to superiority in particular games in some 
parts of England is so great, that the defeat of a 
champion is a disgrace to a county. Wrestling is 
introduced conspicuously in all works on the present 
system of Continental Gymnastics, and to this I 
cannot object; but it is only "fair play" that it be 
understood, that, whilst this manly exercise is little 
more than theoretically known on the Continent, in 
some of the English counties practical wrestlers 
stand unrivalled. I therefore must claim this as 
one of our own games, and put in a word for its 



GYMNASTICS. 



37 



champions, who are ever ready to enter into com- 
petition with any foreign gymnasium. Boxing 
(leaving the question of whether prize-fighting tends 
to brutalize the lower orders, or increases the love 
of courage and fair play, in the undecided state in 
which. I find it), I have no hesitation in recom- 
mending, as an exercise which brings the body into 
active and healthy exertion, increasing the elasti- 
city of the limbs, improving the lungs, and giving 
the pupil a firmness on the legs and a power in the 
arms otherwise not easily acquired. 

Quickness of eye, and accuracy in measuring dis- 
tances, are acquired by the practice of boxing ; and 
I may add, that our confidence must necessarily be 
increased in the moment of danger by a knowledge 
of our own power and resources. When I speak of 
boxing, I mean that friendly sort of imitation battle 
called " Sparring^'' practised by gentlemen, not with 
the cestus," but with well-stufed soft gloves, and 
that under the eye of some master who has suffi- 
cient influence to prevent any loss of temper, or 
the attempt of any thing beyond that useful prac- 
tice, which will advance the mental and physical 
power of his pupils. 

Riding, Walking, and Running, are exercises re- 
quiring activity, perseverance, and strength ; and I 
should add, as a nation our recorded equestrian and 
pedestrian feats might challenge Europe, had I not 
before me the startling statement, that three French- 



88 



GYMNASTICS. 



men, named Gervois, Labat, and Stumon, can run 
a French league in ten minutes. This surpasses 
any thing in our sporting annals ; and were these 
gentlemen in England, they might by this superior 
fleetness soon run off with a fortune. 

Archery^ one of our most ancient and manly re- 
creations, is still kept up with great spirit in many 
parts of England and Scotland ; and although its 
champions succumb to Sir Walter Scott's hero of 
Ivanhoe, yet the spirit of emulation, which urges 
them on to excellence in all their sports, has not 
forsaken them in their pursuit of this graceful and 
healthy amusement. 

The elite of modern archers are to be found in the 
Toxopholite Society in England and the Queen's 
Body-Guard for Scotland. 

Cricket is so indisputably our own, that I need 
say nothing on the subject. 

Single Stick has now but a small number of ad- 
mirers, and its professors are of course still more 
limited, — in fact, we seldom see it practised but for 
interested motives. As an exercise for gentlemen 
I cannot recommend it. Fives, or Hand-ball, 
Quoits, and Bowls, are English, and have many 
amateurs, — they are decidedly good exercises. 

Putting the Stone and Throwing the Hammer come 
more appropriately under the head of Scotch Gym- 
nastics. There are instances, in the Highlands, of 
celebrity in throwing the hammer being handed 



GYMNASTICS. 



39 



down from father to son, for generations, as a dis- 
tinguishing family characteristic. In one of Sir 
Walter Scott's works it is most graphically described 
in the struggle between Norman Nan Ord and his 
favourite Hal o' the Wynd, — a perfect prince 
amongst the gymnasts of that age. 

The Scottish national games are kept up at the 
present day, by the nobility and gentry, with a 
spirit that shows they are aware of the importance 
of preserving the physical strength and energy of 
themselves and their dependants. 

The St Fillan's Club, meeting in that enchanting 
spot at the foot of Loch Earn, in Nature's own am- 
phitheatre, — the St Ronan's Border Club, assem- 
bling on the banks of the Tweed, — draw together 
every year the pride of birth and the beauty of 
Highlands and Lowlands ; and last, though not 
least, we have in the centre of our own metropolis 
the Six-Feet Club, instituted for the express en- 
couragement, practice, and promotion of all na- 
tional and manly games. 

THROWING THE HAMMER. 

The hammers used for this exercise vary in 
weight from 10 to 22 lbs. ; the shaft or handle is 
made of thin ash, and long according to the status 
of the thrower. If the weight be under 14 lbs., 
throw single-handed, with one or more turns of the 



40 



GYMNASTICS. 



body ; if from that to 18 lbs., throw with both 
hands and with one turn ; if above that weight, 
throw with both hands and without a turn. 

The second mode is generally deemed the most 
efficient and graceful, and best calculated for con- 
centrating the muscular powers of the thrower. 

The following throws, correctly measured from 
a ground-mark, over which no part of the body 
was allowed to pass, stand at the head of recorded 
hammer-throwing of the day : 

First mode, 10 lbs. hammer. The medal was 
gained in 1828, at St Ronan's, by Mr Scougall. 
Distance thrown, 115 feet. 

Second mode, hammer between 16 and 17 lbs. 
weight. The distance thrown by Adam Wilson, 
Esq., which gained the Six-Feet Club medal, was 
91 feet. The St Ronan's Border Club medal was 
also gained by this gentleman. Best throw, 87 
feet. 

The Six-Feet Club medal was gained in 1830 by 
Martin, Esq. Best throw, 81 feet. 

Third mode, 22 lbs. hammer. The best recorded 
throws are 66, 68, and 70 feet. 

PUTTING THE STONE. 

Proficiency in the ancient exercise of putting the 
stone is more speedily attained than in that of 
throwing the hammer. Care must be taken that 



GYMNASTICS. 



41 



the ball or stone be putted straight from the shoulder, 
otherwise, it is not putting but throwing. The 
putter stands with his left foot in advance close to 
the mark, except in matches where a run is allowed. 
The proper weight of the ball is from 18 to 24 lbs. 

BEST RECORDED THROWS. 

22 lbs. stone, — 31 feet 10 inches gained the 
Highland Club medal. 

18 lbs. stone, — 34 feet 7 inches gained the Six- 
Feet Club medal. 

Both these prizes were won by A. Wilson, Esq. 
without a run. 

The various prizes this gentleman gained for 
rifle-shooting, broadsword, running, leaping, throw- 
ing the hammer, putting the stone, &c., are unerr- 
ing testimony in favour of his great powers as a 
universal gymnast. 

This is an accurate record of what was done in 
these games, nearly twenty -five years since, at a 
time when they were much cultivated by a body 
of powerful young men, belonging to the Six-Feet 
Club, who attended most of the public meetings for 
Highland games. It will be curious to observe 
what is done a quarter of a century later by the 
champion of his day ; and Donald Kennedy, who 
has carried off a hundred and sixty prizes at the 
different competitions, may fairly be taken as the 
champion. 

D 



42 



GYMNASTICS. 



At the northern meeting, in 1851, he threw the 
16 lbs. hammer 86 feet 6 inches, and the 12 lbs. 
hammer 105 feet 1 inch. And, at Holland House, 
in August 1852, we find him throwing the 17 lbs. 
hammer the surprising distance of 107 feet. He 
is recorded as putting the heavy ball of 21^ lbs. 
33 feet ; and one of 17^ lbs. 36 feet. 

We, however, find at Leith, in 1853, a Mr Flan- 
nagan putting a ball of 22 lbs. 33 feet 4 inches. 



Private Class-Room, 
86 South Bridge, Edinburgh. 



MESSRS ROLAND'S 



FENCING AND GYMNASTIC CLASSES 

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On Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, from 11 till 4 o' Clock. 



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GYMNASTICS. 




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